Galactosemia is an autosomal recessive disorder of galactose metabolism. Normally, lactose, the major carbohydrate of mammalian milk, is split into glucose and galactose in the intestinal microvilli by lactase. Galactose is then converted to glucose in three steps. Two variants of galactosemia have been identified. In the more common variant, there is a lack of galactose-1-phosphate uridyl transferase involved in reaction 2. The rare variant arises from a deficiency of galactokinase, involved in reaction 1.
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3:57 AM
Neoplasia literally means "new growth", and the new growth is neoplasm. Oncology (Greek oncos = tumor) is the study of tumors or neoplasm. Cancer is the common term for all maligant tumors.
Although all physisians know what they mean when they use the term neoplasm, it has been suprisingly difficult to develop an accurate definition. The eminent British oricologist Willis has come closest: "A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of stimuli which evoked the change."
3:32 AM
The morphologic consequences of immune complex injury are dominated by acute necrotizing vasculitis, with deposits of fibrinoid and intense neutrophilic exudation permeating the entire arterial wall. Affected glomerull are hypercellular because of swelling and proliferation of endothelial and mesangial cells, accompanied by neutrophilic and monocytic infiltration. The complexes can be seen on immunofluoresence microscopy as granular lumpy deposits of immunoglobulin and complement and on electron microscopy as electron dense deposits along the glomerular basement membrane.
3:21 AM
A mutation can be defined as a permanent change in the DNA. Based on the extent of genetic change, mutations may be classified into three categories:
Genome mutations:
Genome mutations involve loss or gain of whole chromosomes, giving rise to monosomy or trisomy.
Chromosome mutations:
Chromosome mutations result from rear rangement of genetic material and give rise to visible structural changes in the chromosome.
Point mutations:
Point mutations (single base substitution) may alter the code in a triplet of bases and lead to the replacement of one amino acid by another in the gene product.
8:42 AM
A variety of phenomena in the inflammatory response are mediated by three interrelated plasma-derived factors: the complement, kinin, and clotting systems.
Complement System:
The complement system consists of 20 component proteins, which are found in greatest concentration in plasma. This system functions in both innate and adaptive immunity for defense against microbial agents, culminating in lysing microbes by the so-called membrane attack complex (MAC).
Kinin System:
This system generates vasoactive peptides from plasma proteins called kininogens by specific proteases called kallikreins. The kinin system results in the ultimate release of the vasoactive nonapeptide bradykinin, a potent agent that increases vascular permeability.
Clotting System:
The clotting system and inflammation are intimately connected processes. The clotting system is divided into two pathways that converge, culminating in the activation of thrombin and the formation of fibrin.
7:36 AM
Shrinkage in size of the cell by loss of cell substance is known as Atrophy. Atrophy can be physiologic or pathologic. The common causes of atrophy are the following:
1. Decreased workload (atrophy of disuse).
2. Loss of innervation (denervation atrophy).
3. Diminished blood supply.
4. Inadequate nutrition.
5. Loss of endocrine stimulation.
6. Aging (senile atrophy).
7. Tissue pressure.
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